> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://developers.oxylabs.io/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://developers.oxylabs.io/api-targets/cn/search-engines/google/scholar.md).

# 学术搜索

Google Scholar 爬虫允许您提交搜索查询，并接收包含文章、书籍、引文和相关链接的结构化解析数据。

该 `google_scholar` 数据源旨在检索 Google Scholar 搜索结果，包括学术论文、书籍、引用和相关链接。

## 请求示例

在此示例中，我们发出请求以检索查询 `最佳小说`.

{% tabs %}
{% tab title="cURL" %}

```shell
curl 'https://realtime.oxylabs.io/v1/queries' \
--user 'USERNAME:PASSWORD' \
-H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
-d '{
        "source": "google_scholar",
        "query": "best novels",
        "render": "html",
        "parse": true
    }'
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Python" %}

```python
import requests
from pprint import pprint

# Structure payload.
payload = {
  "source": "google_scholar",
  "query": "best novels",
  "render": "html",
  "parse": True
}

# Get response.
response = requests.request(
    'POST',
    'https://realtime.oxylabs.io/v1/queries',
    auth=('USERNAME', 'PASSWORD'),
    json=payload,
)

# Print prettified response to stdout.
pprint(response.json())
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Node.js" %}

```javascript
const https = require("https");

const username = "USERNAME";
const password = "PASSWORD";
const body = {
    source: "google_scholar",
    query: "best novels",
    render: "html",
    parse: true,
};

const options = {
    hostname: "realtime.oxylabs.io",
    path: "/v1/queries",
    method: "POST",
    headers: {
        "Content-Type": "application/json",
        Authorization:
            "Basic " + Buffer.from(`${username}:${password}`).toString("base64"),
    },
};

const request = https.request(options, (response) => {
    let data = "";

    response.on("data", (chunk) => {
        data += chunk;
    });

    response.on("end", () => {
        const responseData = JSON.parse(data);
        console.log(JSON.stringify(responseData, null, 2));
    });
});

request.on("error", (error) => {
    console.error("Error:", error);
});

request.write(JSON.stringify(body));
request.end();
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="HTTP" %}

```http
https://realtime.oxylabs.io/v1/queries?source=google_scholar&query=best+novels&render=html&parse=true&access_token=12345abcde
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="PHP" %}

```php
<?php

$params = array(
    'source' => 'google_scholar',
    'query' => 'best novels',
    'render' => 'html',
    'parse' => true
);

$ch = curl_init();

curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_URL, "https://realtime.oxylabs.io/v1/queries");
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, json_encode($params));
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_POST, 1);
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_USERPWD, "USERNAME" . ":" . "PASSWORD");


$headers = array();
$headers[] = "Content-Type: application/json";
curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $headers);

$result = curl_exec($ch);
echo $result;

if (curl_errno($ch)) {
    echo 'Error:' . curl_error($ch);
}
curl_close($ch);
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Golang" %}

```go
package main

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"net/http"
)

func main() {
	const Username = "USERNAME"
	const Password = "PASSWORD"

	payload := map[string]interface{}{
		"source": "google_scholar",
		"query":  "best novels",
		"render": "html",
		"parse":  true,
	}

	jsonValue, _ := json.Marshal(payload)

	client := &http.Client{}
	request, _ := http.NewRequest("POST",
		"https://realtime.oxylabs.io/v1/queries",
		bytes.NewBuffer(jsonValue),
	)

	request.SetBasicAuth(Username, Password)
	response, _ := client.Do(request)

	responseText, _ := ioutil.ReadAll(response.Body)
	fmt.Println(string(responseText))
}
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="C#" %}

```csharp
using System;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Net.Http.Json;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace OxyApi
{
    class Program
    {
        static async Task Main()
        {
            const string Username = "USERNAME";
            const string Password = "PASSWORD";

            var parameters = new {
                source = "google_scholar",
                query = "best novels",
                render = "html",
                parse = true
            };

            var client = new HttpClient();

            Uri baseUri = new Uri("https://realtime.oxylabs.io");
            client.BaseAddress = baseUri;

            var requestMessage = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, "/v1/queries");
            requestMessage.Content = JsonContent.Create(parameters);

            var authenticationString = $"{Username}:{Password}";
            var base64EncodedAuthenticationString = Convert.ToBase64String(System.Text.ASCIIEncoding.UTF8.GetBytes(authenticationString));
            requestMessage.Headers.Add("Authorization", "Basic " + base64EncodedAuthenticationString);

            var response = await client.SendAsync(requestMessage);
            var contents = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();

            Console.WriteLine(contents);
        }
    }
}
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="Java" %}

```java
package org.example;

import okhttp3.*;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;

public class Main implements Runnable {
    private static final String AUTHORIZATION_HEADER = "Authorization";
    public static final String USERNAME = "USERNAME";
    public static final String PASSWORD = "PASSWORD";

    public void run() {
        JSONObject jsonObject = new JSONObject();
        jsonObject.put("source", "google_scholar");
        jsonObject.put("query", "best novels");
        jsonObject.put("render", "html");
        jsonObject.put("parse", true);

        Authenticator authenticator = (route, response) -> {
            String credential = Credentials.basic(USERNAME, PASSWORD);
            return response
                    .request()
                    .newBuilder()
                    .header(AUTHORIZATION_HEADER, credential)
                    .build();
        };

        var client = new OkHttpClient.Builder()
                .authenticator(authenticator)
                .readTimeout(180, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
                .build();

        var mediaType = MediaType.parse("application/json; charset=utf-8");
        var body = RequestBody.create(jsonObject.toString(), mediaType);
        var request = new Request.Builder()
                .url("https://realtime.oxylabs.io/v1/queries")
                .post(body)
                .build();

        try (var response = client.newCall(request).execute()) {
            if (response.body() != null) {
                try (var responseBody = response.body()) {
                    System.out.println(responseBody.string());
                }
            }
        } catch (Exception exception) {
            System.out.println("Error: " + exception.getMessage());
        }

        System.exit(0);
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(new Main()).start();
    }
}
```

{% endtab %}

{% tab title="JSON" %}

```json
{
    "source": "google_scholar",
    "query": "best novels",
    "render": "html",
    "parse": true
}
```

{% endtab %}
{% endtabs %}

我们在示例中使用同步 [**Realtime**](/products/cn/web-scraper-api/integration-methods/realtime.md) 集成方法。如果您想使用 [**Proxy Endpoint**](/products/cn/web-scraper-api/integration-methods/proxy-endpoint.md) 或异步 [**Push-Pull**](/products/cn/web-scraper-api/integration-methods/push-pull.md) 集成，请参阅 [**集成方法**](/products/cn/web-scraper-api/integration-methods.md) 部分。

### 请求参数

<table><thead><tr><th width="157.5">参数</th><th width="452">描述</th><th>默认值</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><mark style="background-color:green;"><strong><code>source</code></strong></mark></td><td>设置爬虫。使用 <code>google_scholar</code>.</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><mark style="background-color:green;"><strong><code>query</code></strong></mark></td><td>请求的搜索词。</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><mark style="background-color:green;"><strong><code>render</code></strong></mark></td><td>设置为以下值时启用 JavaScript 渲染： <code>html</code>. <a href="/products/cn/web-scraper-api/features/js-rendering-and-browser-control.md#javascript-rendering"><strong>更多信息</strong></a><strong>.</strong></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><code>parse</code></td><td>设置为以下值时返回解析后的数据： <code>true</code>。更多信息请参阅 <a href="#output-dictionary"><strong>输出字典</strong></a>.</td><td><code>false</code></td></tr><tr><td><code>callback_url</code></td><td>您的回调端点 URL。 <a href="/products/cn/web-scraper-api/integration-methods/push-pull.md"><strong>更多信息</strong></a><strong>.</strong></td><td>–</td></tr><tr><td><code>user_agent_type</code></td><td>设备类型和浏览器。完整列表可在 <a href="/products/cn/web-scraper-api/features/http-context-and-job-management/user-agent-type.md"><strong>此处</strong></a>.</td><td><code>desktop</code></td></tr></tbody></table>

– 必填参数

## 结构化数据

网页爬虫API 可以提取结果 HTML，或包含结果页面中各种元素结构化数据的 JSON 响应。

<details>

<summary>结构化 google_scholar 输出</summary>

```json
{
    "results": [
        {
            "content": {
                "organic": [
                    {
                        "description": "… and exciting as any other for the novel. The mass market paperback came into … book. Its purpose is to celebrate the writers we have loved best, and to proselytize on behalf of their novels…",
                        "inline_links": {
                            "cite_url": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=info:Av0ZOt0npBEJ:scholar.google.com/&output=cite&scirp=0&hl=en",
                            "cited_by": {
                                "cites_id": "1271184825941359874",
                                "total": 15,
                                "url": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1271184825941359874&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&hl=en"
                            },
                            "related_pages_url": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=related:Av0ZOt0npBEJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=best+novels&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5",
                            "versions": {
                                "cluster_id": "1271184825941359874",
                                "total": 5,
                                "url": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=1271184825941359874&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5"
                            }
                        },
                        "pos": 1,
                        "publication_info": {
                            "summary": "C Callil, C Tóibín - 2011 - books.google.com"
                        },
                        "result_id": "Av0ZOt0npBEJ",
                        "result_type": "book",
                        "title": "The Modern Library: The 200 Best Novels in English Since 1950",
                        "url": "https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=EwlNDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1903&dq=best+novels&ots=Uiru4xYAcj&sig=exuKH7sr8Y4rAx7cvn15h8lA39Y"
                    },
                    {
                        "description": "… Predicting success of novels and movies: To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first that provides quantitative insights into the unstudied connection between the writing style …",
                        "inline_links": {
                            "cite_url": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=info:r_g8gsmjLJgJ:scholar.google.com/&output=cite&scirp=4&hl=en",
                            "cited_by": {
                                "cites_id": "10965319278609103023",
                                "total": 182,
                                "url": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10965319278609103023&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0,5&hl=en"
                            },
                            "related_pages_url": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=related:r_g8gsmjLJgJ:scholar.google.com/&scioq=best+novels&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5",
                            "versions": {
                                "cluster_id": "10965319278609103023",
                                "total": 10,
                                "url": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=10965319278609103023&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5"
                            }
                        },
                        "pos": 5,
                        "publication_info": {
                            "authors": [
                                {
                                    "author_id": "Of8dNP0AAAAJ",
                                    "name": "VG Ashok",
                                    "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Of8dNP0AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra"
                                },
                                {
                                    "author_id": "aWmHP7IAAAAJ",
                                    "name": "S Feng",
                                    "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=aWmHP7IAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra"
                                },
                                {
                                    "author_id": "vhP-tlcAAAAJ",
                                    "name": "Y Choi",
                                    "url": "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=vhP-tlcAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra"
                                }
                            ],
                            "summary": "VG Ashok, S Feng, Y Choi - … of the 2013 conference on empirical …, 2013 - aclanthology.org"
                        },
                        "resources": [
                            {
                                "file_format": "PDF",
                                "title": "aclanthology.org",
                                "url": "https://aclanthology.org/D13-1181.pdf"
                            }
                        ],
                        "result_id": "r_g8gsmjLJgJ",
                        "result_type": "pdf",
                        "title": "Success with style: Using writing style to predict the success of novels",
                        "url": "https://aclanthology.org/D13-1181.pdf"
                    }
                    // ... up to 8 more organic results
                ],
                "pagination": {
                    "current_page": 1,
                    "next_page": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=10&q=best+novels&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5",
                    "other_pages": {
                        "2": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=10&q=best+novels&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5",
                        "3": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=20&q=best+novels&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5"
                        // ... more page links
                    }
                },
                "parse_status_code": 12000,
                "related_searches": [
                    {
                        "query": "best novels modern library",
                        "url": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&qsp=1&q=best+novels+modern+library&qst=ib"
                    },
                    {
                        "query": "best novels short stories",
                        "url": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&qsp=2&q=best+novels+short+stories&qst=ib"
                    }
                    // ... more related searches
                ],
                "search_information": {
                    "query_displayed": "best novels",
                    "time_taken_displayed": 0.15,
                    "total_results_count": 3580000
                }
            },
            "created_at": "2026-07-18 14:00:27",
            "job_id": "7484245708602621953",
            "page": 1,
            "status_code": 200,
            "updated_at": "2026-07-18 14:00:40",
            "url": "https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=best+novels&hl=en&gl=us"
        }
    ]
}
```

</details>

### 输出字典

下表列出了我们解析的每个顶级元素，包括其描述和数据类型。

{% hint style="info" %}
自然搜索结果的数量和某些字段可能因搜索查询和结果类型而异。
{% endhint %}

<table><thead><tr><th width="189.5">键</th><th width="459.5">描述</th><th width="95">类型</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code>url</code></td><td>Google Scholar 搜索结果页面的 URL。</td><td>字符串</td></tr><tr><td><code>page</code></td><td>搜索结果的当前页码。</td><td>整数</td></tr><tr><td><code>parse_status_code</code></td><td>解析任务的状态代码。了解更多 <a href="/products/cn/web-scraper-api/response-codes.md#parsers"><strong>此处</strong></a>.</td><td>整数</td></tr><tr><td><code>organic</code></td><td>自然搜索结果列表。包括 <code>pos</code>, <code>title</code>, <code>url</code>, <code>description</code>, <code>结果ID</code>, <code>结果类型</code>, <code>出版信息</code>, <code>内联链接</code>, <code>资源</code>.</td><td>数组</td></tr><tr><td><code>organic.result_type</code></td><td>标识结果的格式（<code>书籍</code>, <code>PDF</code>等）。当结果是标准文章时省略。</td><td>字符串</td></tr><tr><td><code>organic.publication_info</code></td><td>出版物摘要。包括 <code>摘要</code> （作者、年份、出版方/来源作为一个字符串），以及在可用时，一个结构化的 <code>作者</code> 列表，包含 <code>作者ID</code>, <code>姓名</code>，以及个人资料 <code>url</code>.</td><td>对象</td></tr><tr><td><code>organic.inline_links</code></td><td>附加到结果的学术元数据。包括 <code>引用URL</code>, <code>被引</code>, <code>相关页面URL</code>, <code>版本</code>.</td><td>对象</td></tr><tr><td><code>organic.inline_links.cited_by</code></td><td>结果的引用数据。包括 <code>引用ID</code>, <code>总数</code> （引用总数），以及 <code>url</code> （指向引用该结果的文献的链接）。</td><td>对象</td></tr><tr><td><code>organic.inline_links.related_pages_url</code></td><td>用于查找与结果相关论文的URL。</td><td>字符串</td></tr><tr><td><code>organic.inline_links.versions</code></td><td>同一文档的替代版本/链接。包括 <code>聚类ID</code>, <code>总数</code>，以及 <code>url</code>.</td><td>对象</td></tr><tr><td><code>organic.resources</code></td><td>可访问媒体的直接下载链接，例如PDF。包括 <code>文件格式</code>, <code>title</code>, <code>url</code>.</td><td>数组</td></tr><tr><td><code>分页</code></td><td>当前及可用结果页的详细信息。包括 <code>当前页</code>, <code>下一页</code>, <code>其他页面</code>.</td><td>对象</td></tr><tr><td><code>相关搜索</code></td><td>Google建议的相关搜索字符串。包括 <code>query</code> 和 <code>url</code> 适用于每个建议。</td><td>数组</td></tr><tr><td><code>搜索信息</code></td><td>关于搜索的一般信息。包括 <code>显示的查询</code>, <code>显示的耗时</code>, <code>结果总数</code>.</td><td>对象</td></tr><tr><td><code>创建时间</code></td><td>抓取任务创建时的时间戳。</td><td>时间戳</td></tr><tr><td><code>更新时间</code></td><td>抓取任务完成时的时间戳。</td><td>时间戳</td></tr><tr><td><code>任务ID</code></td><td>与抓取任务关联的任务ID。</td><td>字符串</td></tr><tr><td><code>状态码</code></td><td>抓取任务的状态码。了解更多 <a href="/products/cn/web-scraper-api/response-codes.md"><strong>此处</strong></a>.</td><td>整数</td></tr></tbody></table>


---

# Agent Instructions
This documentation is published with GitBook. GitBook is the documentation platform designed so that both humans and AI agents can read, navigate, and reason over technical content effectively. Learn more at gitbook.com.

## Querying This Documentation
If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question.

Perform an HTTP GET request on the current page URL with the `ask` query parameter, and the optional `goal` query parameter:

```
GET https://developers.oxylabs.io/api-targets/cn/search-engines/google/scholar.md?ask=<question>&goal=<endgoal>
```

`ask` is the immediate question: it should be specific, self-contained, and written in natural language.
`goal` is optional and describes the broader end goal you are ultimately trying to accomplish on behalf of the user. GitBook uses it to tailor the answer towards what is most useful for that goal.

The response will contain a direct answer to the question and relevant excerpts and sources from the documentation.

Use this mechanism when the answer is not explicitly present in the current page, you need clarification or additional context, or you want to retrieve related documentation sections.